The Science Planet

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates is a family of organic molecules  (hydrates of carbon) with the general molecular formula  (CH 2 O) x , ranging from simple sugars such as glucose and fructose to complex molecules such as starch and cellulose. All complex carbohydrates are built up from simple unit called monosaccharide which can not be hydrolysed to simpler structure. The types of carbohydrates are described in detailed under their own heading. Name Type Structure Location Glucose Reducing monosacch C 6 H 12 O 6 (hexose) Sweet fruits Fructose Reducing monosacch C 6 H 12 O 6 (hexose) Honey, fruits juice Lactose Reducing disacch Glucose +galactose Milk Maltose Reducing disacch Glucose +glucose Germinating grains Sucrose Non-R disacch Glucose +fructose Sugar cane Starch Polysaccharides Repeated glucose unit (linear ) Potato tuber Glycogen Non-R polysacch Repeated glucose unit  (branched) Liver Cellulose

Soil formation Soil is formed by breaking down of rocks. This process is called weathering. The weathering may be physical, chemical ar biological. It takes thousands of years to form soil from  rocks. The river or glaciers sweep away rocks, small stones, sands, dead bodies of plants and animals. These substances collide with each other on their way and break into small particles. This process continues and soil is formed. During day time, rocks get heated and get expanded. At night, the rocks get cooled and contracted. Continuous expand and contraction causes the breaking of rocks into smaller particles. The two processes explained above are the physical weathering. Rocks break into smaller particles by chemical changes. During rainy season acid rain occurs. The acid decomposes the rocks into smaller particles. Sometimes water enters into the small crevices of the rocks. When the temperature becomes too low, the water freezes and converts into ice. The ice oc

Part of the reason we feel pain is because our bodies have tons of nerves that help us move, think, and feel in all kinds of ways. When you stub your paw or toe, for example, the nerves in the skin of your toe will send a message to your brain that you are in pain. These messages are what scientists call impulses. They start in your toe, move to your spinal cord, then your brainstem, and onto your brain. It’s actually your brain that tells you that you’re in pain. And if you’ve ever stubbed your toe, you know this message gets delivered pretty fast. In fact, when you feel pain, sometimes the impulse, or message, will travel at 250 mph. That’s the speed of a very fast racecar.

Dying stars create stellar black holes. A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying. Because no light can get out, people can't see black holes. They are invisible. The star that’s about 20 times more massive than the Sun. Our Sun is going to end its life quietly; when its nuclear fuel burns out, it’ll slowly fade into a white dwarf. That’s not the case for far more massive stars. When those monsters run out of fuel, gravity will overwhelm the natural pressure the star maintains to keep its shape stable. When the pressure from nuclear reactions collapses, gravity violently overwhelms and collapses the core and other layers are flung into space. This is called a supernova. The remaining core collapses into a singularity — a spot of infinite density and almost no volume. That’s another name for a black h

१. प्रत्येक ब्यक्ती प्रती रात ३ देखी ६ वटा सपना देख्छन् ।केहि मानिसहरु आफ्नो सपना सम्झन सक्दैनन् ।  २.  प्रत्येक सपनाहरु ५ देखी २० मिनेट सम्मको हुन्छ । ३. लगभाग ९५% सपनाहरु बिहान उठेपछी बिर्सन्छ । ४.  सपनाले हाम्रो स्थाइ मेमोरी (long-term memory ) को सिकाइ र बिकासमा ठूलो मदत गर्दछ । ५.  केहि हप्ता पहिले देखिएको सपना पुनः देख्नुलाई dream-lag effect भनिन्छ । ६.  हाम्रो आॅखाको चालको गतिले सपनाको गुणस्तर, संख्या र लम्बाइ लाई फरक पार्दछ । ७.  सामान्य मानिसको तुलनामा आॅखा नदेख्ने मानिसले; सपना देख्दा अन्य इन्द्रीयहरु (sensory components ) बढी प्रयोग हुन्छ । ८.  निन्द्रा र सपनाको गुणस्तर लाई रक्सी जन्य पदार्थले प्रभाब पार्दछ । 

Transportation of Water, Food and Minerals in Plants.  Plants take in some compounds like carbon dioxide through their leaves. They absorb some other materials such as compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, etc., from the soil through their roots. If the distance between the roots and leaves is very small, food and other materials can be transported by diffusion. But the distances between different plant parts are often quite large, as in tall trees. Therefore, most plants need a proper transport system to carry materials from one part to another. Plants do not move much and have many dead cells in their tissues. Therefore, they do not need much energy. So, they have transport systems slower than those of animals. In plants, the transport system consists of tube like passages made up of vascular tissue. There are two types of vascular tissues in plants—xylem and phloem. The vascular system extends from the roots through the stem and continues up to the leaves. In the leaves